The short version of reference standard fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
Reviewed 2026-06-16. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Analytical identification of SR9009 typically relies on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. In biological samples, researchers first separate the compound from matrix components using protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural confirmation of reference materials. Because SR9009 is a small, relatively lipophilic molecule, reverse-phase columns and acidic mobile phases are common. Laboratories often include isotope-labeled internal standards to improve quantification and to correct for ion suppression.
Stability depends on physical form, temperature, light exposure, and solvent. Solid SR9009 is generally stored cold and dry, with protection from light to limit degradation. Dimethyl sulfoxide stocks are common for laboratory work, but repeated freeze-thaw cycles can reduce compound integrity. Aqueous solutions may be less stable than organic stocks, and the ethyl ester in the structure can be susceptible to hydrolysis under certain conditions. Researchers typically validate storage conditions and recheck purity before quantitative experiments, especially when using archived material.
REV-ERB proteins help regulate daily cycles in gene expression, including genes tied to lipid and glucose metabolism. SR9009 binds these receptors and alters their activity in cell and animal experiments. Consequences observed in rodents include changes in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, blood lipid levels, and exercise performance. The precise chain from receptor occupancy to whole-body effects is still an active area of study. Human responses cannot be assumed from rodent data.
Most published work on SR9009 consists of preclinical studies. It is widely sold as a research chemical, a category that does not imply safety, efficacy, or pharmaceutical-grade quality. Sports anti-doping organizations have listed SR9009 as a prohibited substance, and its presence in an athlete sample can lead to sanctions. Legal status differs by country; in several jurisdictions it is not approved for human consumption and may be treated as an unapproved new drug.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic | Nickname is not a chemical name. |
| Typical analytical method | LC-MS/MS | Often with isotope-labeled internal standard. |
| Storage temperature | -20 °C | Desiccated and protected from light. |
| Solution stability | DMSO stock; avoid freeze-thaw | Store at -20 to -80 °C. |
| Regulatory status | Not approved; varies by country | May be restricted as research chemical. |
For long-term storage, SR9009 is typically kept as a solid at low temperature, protected from moisture and light. Desiccated conditions limit hydrolysis, while opaque containers reduce photochemical breakdown. Solutions are less stable than solids and are often stored frozen in aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Stability data are not standardized across all suppliers, so users should rely on certificate-of-analysis information when available. Degradation may appear as color change, precipitate, or decreased chromatographic purity.
Laboratory identification of SR9009 typically relies on chromatographic separation coupled to mass spectrometry, often with ultraviolet detection as a secondary check. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure when a reference standard is available. Because many suppliers sell the compound as a research chemical, independent identity testing is important for experimental reproducibility. A single retention time is not sufficient proof of identity, especially when related compounds may be present. Purity assessments usually report a percentage based on area normalization.
SR9009 is generally described as poorly soluble in water and more soluble in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in an organic solvent before dilution into an aqueous buffer or vehicle. Precipitation can occur if the organic fraction is reduced too quickly or if the final concentration exceeds the compound's solubility limit. Sonication or gentle warming may aid dissolution in some protocols, but excessive heat can promote degradation. Container material and pH can also influence observed solubility.
SR9009 binds REV-ERB receptors and alters their repressive activity on target genes. This action can change transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. In rodent studies, treated animals have shown changes in muscle oxidative capacity and exercise performance, though effects vary by dose, duration, and model. The precise molecular steps connecting receptor binding to whole-body outcomes are still an active area of investigation. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Because REV-ERB receptors are core clock components, SR9009 has been examined for effects on daily rhythms as well as metabolism. Research has explored whether the compound can shift or reinforce circadian gene expression in tissues such as liver and muscle. Some studies report improved metabolic markers in obese or diabetic mice, while others show context-dependent responses. Questions remain about which effects are direct, which are secondary to timing, and how they might differ across species.
The amino acid side-chain of arginine consists of a 3-carbon aliphatic straight chain, the distal end of which is capped by a guanidinium group, which has a pKa of 13.8, and is therefore always protonated and positively charged at physiological pH. Because of the conjugation between the double bond and the nitrogen lone pairs, the positive charge is delocalized, enabling the formation of multiple hydrogen bonds.
== Evolution == Genetic evidence from comparisons of multiple organisms showed that a glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase, identical to a class III alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-3/ADH5), is presumed to be the ancestral enzyme for the entire ADH family. Early on in evolution, an effective method for eliminating both endogenous and exogenous formaldehyde was important and this capacity has conserved the ancestral ADH-3 through time. Gene duplication of ADH-3, followed by series of mutations, led to the evolution of other ADHs. The ability to produce ethanol from sugar (which is the basis of how alcoholic beverages are made) is believed to have initially evolved in yeast. Though this feature is not adaptive from an energy point of view, by making alcohol in such high concentrations so that they would be toxic to other organisms, yeast cells could effectively eliminate their competition. Since rotting fruit can contain more than 4% of ethanol, animals eating the fruit needed a system to metabolize exogenous ethanol. This was thought to explain the conservation of ethanol active ADH in species other than yeast, though ADH-3 is now known to also have a major role in nitric oxide signaling. In humans, sequencing of the ADH1B gene (responsible for production of an alcohol dehydrogenase polypeptide) shows several functional variants. In one, there is a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) that leads to either a Histidine or an Arginine residue at position 47 in the mature polypeptide.
During 1990, in the capital city of Mogadishu, the residents were prohibited from gathering publicly in groups greater than three or four. Fuel shortages, inflation, and currency devaluation impacted the economy. A thriving black market existed in the centre of the city as banks experienced shortages of local currency for exchange. Harsh exchange control regulations were introduced to prevent export of foreign currency. Although no travel restrictions were placed on foreigners, photographing many locations was banned. During daytime in Mogadishu, the appearance of any government military force was extremely rare. Alleged late-night operations by government authorities, however, included "disappearances" of individuals from their homes. In 1991, the Barre administration was ousted by a coalition of clan-based opposition groups, backed by Ethiopia's then-ruling Derg regime and Libya. Following a meeting of the Somali National Movement and northern clans' elders, the northern former British portion of the country declared its independence as the Republic of Somaliland in May 1991. Although de facto independent and relatively stable compared to the tumultuous south, it was not recognised by any foreign government, until Israel recognised it in 2025.
On 5 January 2023, McDonald's closed its restaurants in Kazakhstan, believed to be due to supply issues after McDonald's prohibited the franchise owner from purchasing burger patties from Russia due to the Russo-Ukrainian war, with its restaurants, operated by Food Solutions KZ, later rebranded to My otkryty. Since August, the network had operated under different names, based on the names of company employees. On November 23, they were rebranded to I'm. Vkusno i tochka will not operate under its brand in Kazakhstan due to the terms of the contract with McDonald's. However, Vkusno i tochka applied to register its brand name.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
In 1937, the administration of BST was shown to increase the milk yield in lactating cows by preventing mammary cell death in dairy cattle. Until the 1980s, use of the compound was very limited in agriculture as the sole source of the hormone was from bovine carcasses. During this time, the knowledge of the structure and function of the hormone increased. With the advent of biotechnology, one of the pioneering biotech companies, Genentech, in 1981 succeeded in cloning and patenting the gene for BST. Monsanto had been working along the same lines and struck a deal with Genentech in 1979 to license Genentech's patents and collaborate on development of a recombinant version of BST – a process on which Monsanto would invest $300 million. The two companies used genetic engineering to clone the BST gene into E. coli. The bacteria are grown in bioreactors, then broken up and separated from the rBST, which is purified to produce the injectable hormone. They published their first field trial results in 1981. Lilly, American Cyanamid, Upjohn, and Monsanto all submitted applications to market rBST to the FDA, and the FDA completed its review of the human safety component of these applications in 1986 and found food from rBST-treated cows to be safe; however, strong public concern led to calls for more studies, investigations, and public discussions, which included an unprecedented conference on the safety of rBST in 1990 organized by the National Institutes of Health at the request of Senator Patrick Leahy. FDA approved Monsanto's application in 1993.
The two substrates of this enzyme are L-DOPA and oxygen. Its initial product is 5-(L-alanin-3-yl)-2-hydroxy-cis,cis-muconate 6-semialdehyde. The intermediate readily cyclises and further oxidises, forming a 2-pyrone ring; this is stizolobinic acid, which is the product that is isolated and after which this enzyme is named.
==== Alternative-composition breast prosthesis ==== The third category of prosthetic breast includes alternative-composition breast prostheses that featured fillers such as soy oil, polypropylene string, ox cartilage, Terylene wool, ground rubber, silastic rubber, and Teflon-silicone, which are substances harmful to the woman's body.
=== Gene therapy === Gene therapy was first trialled in 2014 on a single patient, and followed by clinical trials in which several patients were successfully treated. In 2023, both exagamglogene autotemcel (Casgevy) and lovotibeglogene autotemcel (Lyfgenia) were approved for the treatment of sickle cell disease. Kendric Cromer in October 2024 became the first commercial case in the US to receive gene therapy and was discharged from Children's National Hospital. The one-off gene-editing therapy, Casgevy, also known as Exa-cel, is to be offered to patients on the National Health Service (NHS) in England as from 2025. Both Casgevy and Lyfgenia work by first harvesting the patient's HSCs, then using CRISPR gene editing to modify their DNA in the laboratory. In parallel, the person with sickle cell disease's bone marrow undergoes a myeloablation procedure to destroy the remaining HSCs. The treated cells are then infused back into the patient, where they colonise the bone marrow and eventually resume production of blood cells. Casgevy works by editing the BCL11A gene, which normally inhibits haemoglobin F (foetal haemoglobin) production in adults. The edit increases HbF production, which is not prone to sickling. Lyfgenia introduces a new gene for T87Q-globin, which coexists with the sickling beta-globin but reduces the incidence of sickling. A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in April 2026 showed a new CRISPR gene therapy labeled renizgamglogene autogedtemcel (abbreviated to reni-cel) that increased total hemoglobin from 9.8 to 13.8g/dL.
Bernard Weinstein Christopher Payne (1990), photographer Peter Mendelsund (1991), creative director of The Atlantic, graphic designer Rachel Feinstein (1993), sculptor Alison Castle (1995), photographer and book editor, daughter of artist Wendell Castle Ricardo Cortés (1995), illustrator, It's Just a Plant Damon Winter (1997), Pulitzer Prize-winning photographer for The New York Times Damon Rich (1997), urban designer, 2017 MacArthur Fellow Nicola López (1998), artist, professor at the Columbia University School of the Arts Emily Abruzzo (2000), co-founder of Abruzzo Bodziak Architects Steffani Jemison (2003), artist Ariel Schrag (2003), cartoonist Amanda Phingbodhipakkiya (2010), Thai-American artist known for the project Beyond Curie
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Honorary Doctorate, California State University, Fullerton (CSUF) (May 2008) NASA Performance Award (2002 & 2001) NASA Go the Extra Mile (GEM) Award (2001) NASA Superior Accomplishment Award (2000) NASA Group Achievement Award – Russian Crusader Team (2000) Camille and Henry Dreyfus Postdoctoral Fellowship in Environmental Science (1997) Outstanding Doctoral Student Award in Chemistry from the University of California, Davis (1997) American Vacuum Society – HWhetten Award (1996) American Vacuum Society Graduate Research Award (1996) Pro Femina Research Consortium Graduate Research Award (1996) Pro Femina Research Consortium Graduate Award for Scientific Travel (1996) University of California, Davis Graduate Research Award (1996) University of California, Davis Graduate Student Award for Scientific Travel (1994) Patricia Roberts Harris Graduate Fellowship in Chemistry (1993–1997) Lyle Wallace Award for Service to the Department of Chemistry, California State University Fullerton (1993) National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Award (1992) Council of Building & Construction Trades Scholarship (1991 and 1992) Big West Scholar Athlete (1989–1991)
==== Indications ==== Nabilone, marketed under the brand name Cesamet®, is a synthetic form of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). It is used to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in cancer patients who fail to have sufficient response to conventional antiemetic treatments. It is also used to treat anorexia and weight loss in AIDS patients.
== Historical fiction author == Wilson said of his accomplishments outside of ophthalmology, that writing fiction is a “great pleasure” and a treasured hobby. His first novel, Winter in Kandahar, was a 2004 finalist for the Benjamin Franklin Award for Best New Voice in Fiction. A second novel, Ascent from Darkness, was a finalist in the Action/Adventure category (2008) in the Indie Book Awards. Wilson's third novel, The Ghosts of Anatolia, received multiple awards in 2010 and 2011. A more recent novel, The Benghazi Affair was the Benjamin Franklin Award Audio Book Gold Prize winner in fiction.
== Locations == The company opened its first location on August 26, 2002, near the intersection of 21st Street and Tyler Road in Wichita; this location is still in operation. In November 2022, it was announced that Freddy's would be expanding to nine provinces in Canada, with the first location set for a 2025 opening. As of September 10, 2025, Freddy's had 560 locations across 37 states. Additionally, the chain opened in non-traditional locations such as OKC Will Rogers International Airport in Oklahoma City and Busch Stadium in St. Louis.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The most common approach is liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, often after extraction from blood, urine, or tissue. Ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are used mainly for reference material characterization. Isotope-labeled internal standards improve accuracy.
Solid material is usually kept at -20 °C, desiccated, and protected from light. Dimethyl sulfoxide stocks should be stored cold and subjected to minimal freeze-thaw cycles. Aqueous solutions are generally less stable and should be prepared fresh when possible.
Legality depends on the country and the intended use. It is not an approved medicine, and some places restrict or ban sales for human consumption. Buyers should verify local rules and product documentation before procurement.
It is a synthetic compound studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine and has mainly been examined in laboratory and animal research.