Everything below concerns Stenabolic. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Updated 2026-02-16. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
SR9009 is frequently discussed alongside other REV-ERB ligands, including synthetic agonists and natural heme-related molecules. Its selectivity for REV-ERB over related nuclear receptors has been measured in binding and reporter assays, though off-target activity at higher concentrations is possible. The compound is prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and it is not approved for any medical use in major jurisdictions. Products sold online may be labeled as research chemicals, and their identity and purity are not guaranteed by regulatory review.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule that acts on the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors are part of the circadian clock machinery and normally repress transcription of certain target genes. In laboratory research, SR9009 is used as a chemical tool to study how REV-ERB activity influences metabolism, inflammation, and daily biological rhythms. The compound is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized. It is often described as an investigational agent rather than a therapeutic product.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic small-molecule REV-ERB agonist | Not a hormone or natural product |
| Primary targets | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptors involved in circadian and metabolic regulation |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Typical for purified research samples |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; low water solubility | Laboratory solubility depends on solvent and purity |
| Common synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic | Stenabolic is a colloquial name, not a formal chemical name |
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually employs liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method can identify the parent compound and sometimes metabolites in urine or blood. Because exposure can be low and clearance may be rapid, sample timing and limits of detection matter. Laboratories validate assays for sensitivity and specificity. Results are interpreted alongside chain-of-custody and quality-control records. Urine is the common matrix for anti-doping analysis, while blood may be used in research settings.
Handling recommendations for SR9009 in a laboratory setting include storing the solid at low temperature, protected from light and moisture. The compound is often dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol for experiments. Solutions should be prepared with appropriate personal protective equipment and disposed of according to local rules. Stability data for long-term storage are limited, so stock solutions are typically kept cold and used within defined periods. Records of preparation date and concentration support reproducibility.
Identity and purity testing for SR9009 commonly uses liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method separates the compound from matrix components and detects it by mass-to-charge transitions, providing sensitive and specific confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural identification, while high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection may estimate purity. Because online products labeled as SR9009 may contain other substances or no active compound at all, independent verification is important in research settings. Certificates of analysis are useful but not a substitute for in-house testing.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically supplied as a white to off-white powder. The compound dissolves readily in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, while its solubility in water is low. Because of this solubility profile, researchers often prepare concentrated stock solutions in an organic solvent before diluting them into aqueous assay buffers. Light exposure, moisture, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade many small molecules, so handling procedures usually aim to minimize these factors. Purity is commonly checked before use.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies of circadian biology and metabolic disease. Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise capacity, muscle metabolism, and blood lipid levels in rodents, but these findings come from controlled laboratory settings. The compound has low oral bioavailability in animals, which limits systemic exposure after swallowing. Investigators often use injected routes in experiments to achieve measurable plasma concentrations. Human clinical data are sparse, no approved therapeutic product exists, and whether animal effects translate to humans remains an open question.
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
== Veterinary use == Naloxone is used to reverse pure μ-opioid receptor agonists and for opioid reversal during cardiopulmonary arrest in cats and dogs. This is often given intravenously but instranasal administration works in the dog at higher doses. Renarcotisation can occur with naloxone administration, especially with morphinans. Naloxone administration has been reported to result in altered mental status and blepharospasm. Aetiology of this is unknown but could be due to either withdrawal, systemic hypertension, or rapid changes to the cerebral vascular tone. One study in horses reported that naloxone administration reduced increases in right ventricular pressure and heart rate caused by endotoxic shock.
patients with active hepatic disease patients in whom spasticity is utilized to maintain upright posture and balance patients with a hypersensitivity to dantrolene There are no contraindications for intravenous dantrolene used for prophylaxis or management of malignant hyperthermia.
The Captagon was all destroyed by the new government; "Khattab", a pseudonym of one of the former rebels said "We destroyed and burned it because it's harmful to people. It harms nature and people and humans." The New York Times reported in December 2021 that the Syrian Army's elite 4th Armoured Division, commanded by Maher al-Assad, the brother of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, oversaw much of the production and distribution of fenethylline, among other drugs. The unit controlled manufacturing facilities, packing plants, and smuggling networks all across Syria, and had started to deal in crystal meth. The division's security bureau, headed by Maj. Gen. Ghassan Bilal, provided protection for factories and along smuggling routes to the port city Latakia and to border crossings with Jordan and Lebanon. Jihad Yazigi, editor of The Syria Report, reported that fenethylline had "probably become Syria's most important source of foreign currency."
In 2024, world production of potatoes was 390 million tonnes, led by China with 24% of the total, and India as a major secondary producer (table). The total area of potatoes harvested in the world in 2024 was 17.1 million hectares (42 million acres).
In July 2018, Tim Hortons announced that they would open 1,500 stores in China. The first of these opened on February 26, 2019, in Huangpu District, Shanghai. By December 31, 2024, the number of stores nationwide has reached 1,022, covering 82 cities. The first Tim Hortons location in Thailand opened on January 18, 2020, at Samyan Mitrtown Mall in Bangkok through a franchise partnership with Thailand-based WeEat Co. As of January 2021, there are 10 locations operating in the country. The first two Tim Hortons locations in India opened on August 11, 2022, in New Delhi and Gurugram, followed by a third location, in New Delhi, on August 31, 2022. On February 11, 2023, Tim Hortons opened four locations in DHA, Lahore, and Gulberg, and announced to open more locations in other major cities of Pakistan. In January 2024, Tim Hortons opened another store in Pakistan, this time in Islamabad. In 2023, Japanese conglomerate Marubeni Corporation announced that they were planning to open a Tim Hortons location in Singapore, Malaysia, and to open another in Indonesia, in 2024. The location in Singapore officially opened at VivoCity on November 17, 2023. On August 30, 2024, Tim Hortons opened its first ever Tim's Signature at 313@Somerset, Singapore which sells more upmarket coffee options, such as single-origin and filter brews. As of December 2025, Tim Hortons has 15 outlets in Singapore including Tim's Signature. In 2026, Tim Hortons Singapore became halal-certified.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Reactivity === Metallic elements which are more electropositive than hydrogen, particularly the alkali metals and, to a lesser extent, alkaline earth metals, displace hydrogen from water, forming hydroxides and releasing hydrogen. At high temperatures, coke, a form of carbon, reacts with steam to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI): Repairs blood-brain barrier, arrests chronic neurodegeneration, and restores cognition even when administered one year post-injury. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: Neuroprotective via PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway. Alzheimer's disease models: Reverses tau phosphorylation, blood-brain barrier deterioration, oxidative stress, DNA damage, neuroinflammation; enhances neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity; achieves full cognitive recovery. Other models: Protects against ischemic stroke, optic nerve injury, intracerebral hemorrhage, and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.
===== Structure-activity relationship (SAR) ===== Important structure-activity relationship: 1. Strict steric constraint exists around the pyrrolidine ring of cyanopyrrolidine-based inhibitors, with only hydrogen, fluoro, acetylene, nitrile, or methano substitution permitted. 2. Presence of a nitrile moiety on the pyrrolidine ring is critical to achieving potent activity Also, systematic SAR investigation has shown that the ring size and stereochemistry for the P2 position is quite conditioned. A 5-membered ring and L-configuration has shown better results than a 4-membered or 6-membered ring with D-configuration. Only minor changes on the pyrrolidine ring can be tolerated, since the good fit of the ring with the hydrophobic S1 pocket is very important for high affinity. Some trials have been made, e.g. by replacing the pyrrolidine with a thiazoline. That led to improved potency but also loss of chemical stability. Efforts to improve chemical stability often led to loss of specificity because of interactions with DPP-8 and DPP-9. These interactions have been connected with increased toxicity and mortality in animals. There are strict limitations in the P1 position and hardly any changes are tolerated. On the other hand, a variety of changes can be made in the P2 position. In fact, substitution with quite big branched side chains, e.g. tert-butylglycin, normally increased activity and chemical stability, which could lead to longer-lasting inhibition of the DPP-4 enzyme. It has also been noted that biaryl-based side chains can also give highly active inhibitors.
The advertisement ends with the voiceover: "Join the worldwide celebration, of a man named Arthur". This gave rise to the event now known as Arthur's Day, described as "a series of events and celebrations taking place around the world to celebrate the life and legacy of Arthur Guinness and the much-loved Guinness beer which Arthur brought to the world." Following the COVID-19 pandemic and pub closures, Guinness produced a "Looks Like Guinness" advert in anticipation of pubs reopening in 2021. As of 2024, Guinness is the official beer of the Premier League.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic research compound that activates REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug or dietary supplement. Most information comes from cell and animal studies.
It binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and changes transcription of metabolic genes. This can affect circadian rhythm, lipid use, and mitochondrial function. The full downstream effects are still under study.
No. Some rodent studies show increased endurance, but controlled human trials are lacking. Claims about human performance are not established by published evidence.
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that binds and modulates the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used in laboratory studies of circadian biology and metabolism, not as an approved medicine. It is also known by the informal name Stenabolic.