The short version of LC-MS/MS fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
Reviewed 2026-01-11. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Most published work on SR9009 consists of preclinical studies. It is widely sold as a research chemical, a category that does not imply safety, efficacy, or pharmaceutical-grade quality. Sports anti-doping organizations have listed SR9009 as a prohibited substance, and its presence in an athlete sample can lead to sanctions. Legal status differs by country; in several jurisdictions it is not approved for human consumption and may be treated as an unapproved new drug.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not a steroid, peptide, or natural hormone. In scientific literature, it appears under the code SR9009 and in non-scientific contexts as Stenabolic. The compound was identified through chemical screening efforts aimed at targeting circadian clock components. Its status remains investigational, and no regulatory agency has approved it as a human medicine.
Because REV-ERB receptors are core clock components, SR9009 has been examined for effects on daily rhythms as well as metabolism. Research has explored whether the compound can shift or reinforce circadian gene expression in tissues such as liver and muscle. Some studies report improved metabolic markers in obese or diabetic mice, while others show context-dependent responses. Questions remain about which effects are direct, which are secondary to timing, and how they might differ across species.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. REV-ERB alpha and REV-ERB beta help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory research, SR9009 has been used to probe how these receptors affect skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. The compound was identified in academic drug-discovery work and is often described in scientific literature by its chemical name and research code. It is not an approved medicine, and human clinical data remain limited or absent.
SR9009 binds REV-ERB receptors and alters their repressive activity on target genes. This action can change transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. In rodent studies, treated animals have shown changes in muscle oxidative capacity and exercise performance, though effects vary by dose, duration, and model. The precise molecular steps connecting receptor binding to whole-body outcomes are still an active area of investigation. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common name | SR9009 | Also referred to as Stenabolic in non-scientific contexts. |
| Chemical class | Synthetic small molecule | Not a steroid or peptide hormone. |
| Receptor target | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptor agonist in preclinical studies. |
| Development status | Investigational | No approved human therapeutic indication. |
| Regulatory attention | Prohibited in sport | Listed by anti-doping authorities. |
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and context. It is not approved as a therapeutic drug by agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency. Sports authorities list it as a prohibited substance; the World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it among hormone and metabolic modulators. Legal status for personal possession or sale differs across jurisdictions, and some countries may restrict it under analog or research chemical laws. Buyers who seek verified material often rely on independent laboratory testing because online product labels may not match contents.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically handled as research chemicals rather than pharmaceuticals. Suppliers usually state that the material is for research use only and not for human or veterinary administration. Storage recommendations generally call for a freezer at approximately −20 °C, protection from light, and a desiccated environment. The solid is often described as a white to off-white powder. Solubility is commonly reported in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, with low solubility in water.
Analytical identification and purity assessment often use high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry is used to detect and quantify SR9009 in biological matrices, including urine and blood, for anti-doping or pharmacokinetic studies. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure. Stability depends on form and storage: the solid is generally more stable than solutions, and repeated freeze–thaw cycles may degrade samples. Purity is typically reported as a percentage from a certificate of analysis.
Storage conditions for research-grade SR9009 generally involve a freezer at approximately minus twenty degrees Celsius, sometimes lower for long-term preservation. Containers should remain tightly closed and protected from light. Desiccants may be used to limit moisture uptake. Solutions are often stored in aliquots to avoid repeated warming and cooling. Stability data for the compound under various conditions are limited, so laboratories typically follow supplier recommendations and verify performance through periodic analytical checks rather than assuming indefinite stability.
Identity and purity testing for SR9009 commonly uses liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method separates the compound from matrix components and detects it by mass-to-charge transitions, providing sensitive and specific confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural identification, while high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection may estimate purity. Because online products labeled as SR9009 may contain other substances or no active compound at all, independent verification is important in research settings. Certificates of analysis are useful but not a substitute for in-house testing.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically supplied as a white to off-white powder. The compound dissolves readily in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, while its solubility in water is low. Because of this solubility profile, researchers often prepare concentrated stock solutions in an organic solvent before diluting them into aqueous assay buffers. Light exposure, moisture, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade many small molecules, so handling procedures usually aim to minimize these factors. Purity is commonly checked before use.
Regulatory status varies by country and intended use. Major drug agencies have not granted marketing authorization for SR9009 as a medicine, and it is not listed as a controlled substance in many jurisdictions. It is often sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside pharmaceutical manufacturing rules. Buyers should verify local laws and supplier documentation, including certificates of analysis. The lack of standardized quality controls raises concerns about identity, purity, and actual content in products marketed online.
In laboratory settings, SR9009 is commonly identified by its molecular structure and its interaction with REV-ERB receptors. Vendors may list it under synonyms such as Stenabolic or REV-ERB agonist, but those names do not define purity or identity. Analytical confirmation typically uses high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. A reference standard is needed to compare retention time and mass spectrum, because the compound can be confused with related research chemicals.
== History and mechanism == As of 2001, 645 unique radical SAM enzymes have been identified from 126 species in all three domains of life. According to the EFI and SFLD databases, more than 220,000 radical SAM enzymes are predicted to be involved in 85 types of biochemical transformations. The mechanism for these reactions entail transfer of a methyl or adenosyl group from sulfur to iron. The resulting organoiron complex subsequently releases the organic radical. The latter step is reminiscent of the behavior of adenosyl and methyl cobalamins.
== Reactive dyes == The dyes used in this type of chromatography are inexpensive and generally available as they are from textile industries called reactive dye. It contains chromophores that are often attached to a triazine ring. In textile industries, reactive dyes are used to dye material like cotton which is cellulose. Commonly used reactive dyes for chromatography can be separated according to their color index name or functional group. Noted that each company has different trade names and slightly different formulas of the reactive dyes. Usually available commercially with sepharose as the supporting matrix in the form of packed columns.
Denmark: The Minister for Foreign Affairs said: "I expect the UN Security Council to meet quickly to discuss the situation – we need to get back on track towards de-escalation and dialogue," adding "we must maintain respect for the international rules of the game". France: President Emmanuel Macron called for Maduro's 2024 opposition candidate, Edmundo González, whom he refers to as "president", to oversee a "peaceful, democratic" transition. Macron praised the removal of the "Maduro dictatorship," stating that the Venezuelan people "can only rejoice" at being rid of his rule. Foreign Minister Jean-Noël Barrot criticized the U.S. military action that deposed Maduro, arguing that it contravened international law. He stated that the use of force violated the principle of non-resort to force and emphasized that France does not believe a durable political solution can be imposed from outside the country, reaffirming that a nation's future must be decided by its own people. Georgia: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that it was "closely following" the situation in Venezuela "with the hope that future processes will unfold in line with the best interests of the Venezuelan people", and expressed its hopes that Venezuela would revoke its recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Germany: Chancellor Friedrich Merz stated that "Nicolás Maduro has led his country into ruin. The most recent election was rigged. Like many other countries, we have therefore not recognized his presidency. Maduro has played a problematic role in the region. The legal assessment of the U.S.
Costa declined to identify countries or banks that may have received any drug money, saying that would be inappropriate because his office is supposed to address the problem, not apportion blame. Though street-level drug sales are widely viewed as lucrative, a study by Sudhir Venkatesh suggested that many low-level employees receive low wages. In a study he made in the 1990s working closely with members of the Black Gangster Disciple Nation in Chicago, he found that one gang (essentially a franchise) consisted of a leader (a college graduate named J.T.), three senior officers, and 25 to 75 street level salesmen ('foot soldiers') depending on season. Selling crack cocaine, they took in approximately $32,000 per month over a six-year period. This was spent as follows: $5,000 to the board of twenty directors of the Black Gangster Disciple Nation, who oversaw 100 such gangs for approximately $500,000 in monthly income. Another $5,000 monthly was paid for cocaine, and $4,000 for other non-wage expenses. J.T. took $8,500 monthly for his own salary. The remaining $9,500 monthly went to pay the employees a $7 per hour wage for officers and a $3.30 per hour wage for foot soldiers. Contrary to a popular image of drug sales as a lucrative profession, many of the employees were living with their mothers by necessity. Despite this, the gang had four times as many unpaid members who dreamed of becoming foot soldiers.
=== Analytical chemistry applications === Singly substituted isotopologues may be used for nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, where deuterated solvents such as deuterated chloroform (CDCl3 or C2HCl3) do not interfere with the solutes' 1H signals, and in investigations of the kinetic isotope effect.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
To increase the level of recycling and meet its targets, Tetra Pak engaged in driving recycling activities such as developing collection schemes, launching new recycling technologies, and raising awareness of recycling and sustainability. Used Tetra Pak packages have been recycled as construction material in design projects, with varying results. By 2017, 25% of Tetra Pak cartons were recycled globally. At that time, the company announced that global recycling rates would no longer be one of its main metrics measured in sustainability reports, abandoning its previous target of increasing recycling rates to 40% by 2020, and instead introduced new metrics to measure against, such as public outreach, access to recycling facilities, and recycling capacity. In 2018, Tetra Pak signed an agreement with the environmental services company Veolia "to recycle all the components of used beverage cartons collected within the EU by 2025." Tetra Pak has also partnered with the Certified Renovated Equipment organization to refurbish old equipment so it can be resold as part of a circular economy initiative. In attempts to innovate and to improve the recyclability rate of their Aseptic cartons, one of the main factors is the replacement of the aluminum layer used, which can constitute up to 5% of the package material. In which, exposure to the metal has been suggested as a risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease. The company is currently testing two alternatives as a replacement for aluminum: (1) a fiber-based barrier layer, and (2) a polymer-based barrier.
Preparing her to rule, Viserys informs Rhaenyra of their ancestor Aegon the Conqueror's dream of a supernatural threat from the north that can only be defeated if a Targaryen is on the Iron Throne, a secret prophecy known as the Song of Ice and Fire. Viserys officially declares Rhaenyra as his legal heir, and various lords across Westeros swear fealty to Rhaenyra. Six months later, Viserys denies Master of Ships Lord Corlys Velaryon and Rhaenyra's requests to pursue military action against the Triarchy, hoping to avoid war with Essos. Corlys and his wife Rhaenys propose that Viserys marry their 12-year-old daughter Laena Velaryon, while Alicent continues to chat with Viserys in private. The small council is informed that Daemon has stolen a dragon egg and taken control of Dragonstone, leading to a confrontation between Otto and Daemon that is settled by Rhaenyra persuading Daemon to return the egg. Viserys is upset with Rhaenyra for disobeying his orders, and has a deeply personal conversation regarding the prospect of his remarriage. Ultimately, Viserys announces that he will take Alicent to be his next wife, which draws the wrath of Corlys and shocks Rhaenyra, who is best friends with Alicent. Three years later, Viserys, Alicent, Rhaenyra, and various lords are celebrating the second birthday of his son, Prince Aegon Targaryen.
===== Funding freezes ===== From the outset of 2025, NIH funding operations have faced interruptions on an unprecedented scale under the direction of the current executive branch of the U.S. government; disruptions as of March 2025 include the following: • impeding grants for dementia and ALS research; • hindering procurement of necessary resources, such as those for transporting patient blood samples; • preventing a research scientist from consulting with physicians treating children with a devastating rare condition; • interrupting the supply of mice for genetic studies, with years of research being imperiled as a result; • cutting research grants for training doctoral and postdoctoral students. This has led to protests such as the Bethesda Declaration, an open letter from former and current NIH staffers.
There are many applications for AMS throughout a variety of disciplines. AMS is most often employed to determine the concentration of 14C, e.g. by archaeologists for radiocarbon dating. Compared to other radiocarbon dating methods, AMS requires smaller sample sizes (about 50 mg), while yielding extensive chronologies. MS technology has expanded the scope of radiocarbon dating. Samples ranging from 50,000 years old to 100 years old can be successfully dated using AMS, as other forms of mass spectrometry provide insufficient suppression of molecular isobars to resolve 13CH and 12CH2 from 14C atoms. Because of the long half-life of 14C, decay counting requires significantly larger samples. 10Be, 26Al, and 36Cl are used for surface exposure dating in geology. 3H, 14C, 36Cl, and 129I are used as hydrological tracers. Accelerator mass spectrometry is widely used in biomedical research. In particular, 41Ca has been used to measure bone resorption in postmenopausal women.
1,2-Diarylethylamines exert their primary effects as uncompetitive antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), similar to phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine. This mechanism is believed to underlie their characteristic dissociative, hallucinogenic, and anesthetic properties. Compounds such as diphenidine, methoxphenidine (MXP), and ephenidine display high to moderate affinity for the NMDAR PCP-binding site (e.g., diphenidine Ki ≈ 18–39 nM). Additionally, some members of this class exhibit secondary interactions with monoamine transporters, including the dopamine and norepinephrine transporters (DAT and NET), as well as modest binding to sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptors, serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, alpha-adrenergic receptors, and the kappa opioid receptor. Despite potent NMDAR binding, several compounds exhibit reduced in vivo potency, potentially due to pharmacokinetic factors.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic compound studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine and has mainly been examined in laboratory and animal research.
No. It is a small molecule that binds nuclear receptors involved in circadian regulation. Its classification differs from anabolic steroids or peptide hormones.
Published human clinical trial data are lacking. Most safety and activity information comes from preclinical models, so effects in people remain uncertain.
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that acts on REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not approved for human use and is sold only as a research chemical. Its effects have been studied mainly in cells and rodents.